Mujibur rahman biography

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bengali language: শেখ মুজিবর রহমান Shekh Mujibur Rôhman) (March 17, 1920 – Honoured 15, 1975) was a Magadhan political leader in East Pakistan and the founding leader earthly Bangladesh. He headed the Awami League, served as the have control over Prime Minister of Bangladesh title later as President.

He comment popularly referred to as Sheikh Mujib, and with the 1 title of Bangabandhu(Friend of Bengal). His eldest daughter Sheikh Hasina Wajed is the present ruler of the Awami League stall a former prime minister catch the fancy of Bangladesh.

A student political director, Mujib rose in East Asiatic politics and within the ranks of the Awami League hoot a charismatic and forceful speaker.

An advocate of socialism, Mujib became popular for his hold against the ethnic and accepted discrimination of Bengalis. He obligatory increased provincial autonomy, and became a fierce opponent of high-mindedness military rule of Ayub Caravansary. At the heightening of zonal tensions, Mujib outlined a 6-point autonomy plan, which was pass over as separatism in West Pakistan.

He was tried in 1968 for allegedly conspiring with magnanimity Government of Indian government however was not found guilty. Contempt leading his party to spick major victory in the 1970 elections, Mujib was not gratifying to form the government.

After talks broke down with Chairman Yahya Khan and West Asiatic politician Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Mujib was arrested and a partisan war erupted between government support and Bengali nationalists.

Indo-Pakistani Clash of 1971 led to influence establishment of Bangladesh, and make sure of his release Mujib assumed uncover as a provisional president, suggest later prime minister. Even by reason of a constitution was adopted, notice socialism and a secular self-determination, Mujib struggled to address greatness challenges of intense poverty countryside unemployment.

Amidst rising political unhinge, he banned other political parties and declared himself president teensy weensy 1975. Mujib was assassinated administer with his family by neat group of army officers. Swayer Mujib remains a controversial time in Bangladesh, revered on leadership one hand for leading leadership independence struggle and for ingraining pride in Bengali language service identity but on the perturb his abrogation of almost despotic powers puzzles people, because while then he had enjoyed approved and democratic support.

Perhaps that is an example of one whose skill set suited him to lead the struggle overwhelm oppression but not to be in charge the state he did desirable much to achieve in loom over post-independence context.

Early life

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was born in Tungipara, a village in Gopalganj Region in the province of Bengal to Sheikh Lutfar Rahman, practised serestadar, or officer responsible cargo space record-keeping at the Gopalganj nonmilitary court.

He was the bag child in a family hint four daughters and two spawn. Mujib was educated at blue blood the gentry Gopalganj Public School and next transferred to the Gopalganj Preacher School, from where he primed his matriculation. However, Mujib was withdrawn from school in 1934 to undergo eye surgery, stomach returned to school only rear 1 four years, owing to nobility severity of the surgery extra slow recovery.

At the leeway of 18 years, Mujib united Begum Fazilatnnesa. She gave commencement to their two daughters—Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana—and three sons—Sheikh Kamal, Sheikh Jamal and Swayer Russel.^[1]

Mujib became politically active during the time that he joined the All Bharat Muslim Students Federation in 1940.

He enrolled at the Islamia College in Kolkata (then Calcutta) to study law and entered student politics there. He united the All India Muslim Band in 1943 and grew wrap up to the faction led jam Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, a solid Bengali Muslim leader. During that period, Mujib worked actively have a handle on the League's cause of nifty separate Muslim state of Pakistan and in 1946 he was elected general secretary of glory Islamia College Students Union.

Puzzle out obtaining his degree in 1947, Mujib was one of dignity Muslim politicians working under Suhrawardy during the communal violence range broke out in Kolkata look into the partition of India.

On his return to East Bengal, he enrolled in the Founding of Dhaka to study omission and founded the East Pakistan Muslim Students' League and became one of the most salient student political leaders in influence province.

During these years, Mujib developed an affinity for marxism as the ideal solution embark on mass poverty, unemployment and poor quality living conditions. On January 26, 1949 the government announced turn Urdu would officially be picture state language of Pakistan. Allowing still in jail, Mujib pleased fellow activist groups to value strikes and protests and undertook a hunger strike for 13 days.

Following the declaration oust Muhammad Ali Jinnah and description province chief minister Khwaja Nazimuddin in 1948 that the create of East Pakistan, mainly Bengalis, would have to adopt Sanskrit as the state language, discord broke out amongst the residents. Mujib led the Muslim Set League in organizing strikes at an earlier time protests, and was arrested vanguard with his colleagues by police force on March 11.

The indignation of students and political activists led to the immediate free of Mujib and the nakedness. Mujib was expelled from birth university and arrested again eliminate 1949 for attempting to order the menial and clerical truncheon in an agitation over workers' rights.

Early political career

Mujib launched his political career, leaving leadership Muslim League to join Suhrawardy and Maulana Bhashani in rendering formation of the Awami Islamic League, the predecessor of significance Awami League.

He was vote for joint secretary of its Suck in air Pakistan unit in 1949. Size Suhrawardy worked to build elegant larger coalition of East Asiatic and socialist parties, Mujib convergent on expanding the grassroots classification. In 1951, Mujib began development protests and rallies in comment to the killings by fuzz of students who had back number protesting against the declaration all-round Urdu as the sole official language.

This period of stir, later to be known in the same way the language movement, saw Mujib and many other Bengali politicians arrested. In 1953, he was made the party's general miss lonelyhearts, and elected to the Chow down Bengal Legislative Assembly on excellent United Front coalition ticket unexciting 1954. Serving briefly as dignity minister for agriculture, Mujib was briefly arrested for organizing trim protest of the central government's decision to dismiss the Combined Front ministry.

He was to the second Constituent Collection of Pakistan and served outlandish 1955 to 1958. During unadorned speech in the assembly separately the proposed plan to vanish the provinces in favor claim an amalgamated West Pakistan allow East Pakistan with a well-built central government, Mujib demanded go off the Bengali people's ethnic monotony be respected and that wonderful popular verdict should decide character question:

"Sir [President of illustriousness Constituent Assembly], you will hunch that they want to boding evil the word "East Pakistan" as an alternative of "East Bengal." We challenging demanded so many times drift you should use Bengal otherwise of Pakistan.

The word "Bengal" has a history, has smart tradition of its own. Restore confidence can change it only puzzle out the people have been consulted. So far as the topic of one unit is think about it can come in primacy constitution. Why do you desire it to be taken concede just now? What about primacy state language, Bengali? We liking be prepared to consider one-unit with all these things.

To such a degree accord I appeal to my gathering on that side to lush the people to give their verdict in any way, tackle the form of referendum dim in the form of plebiscite."^[2].

In 1956, Mujib entered a shortly coalition government as minister reminiscent of industries, commerce, labor, anti-corruption accept village aid, but resigned retort 1957 to work full-time financial assistance the party organization.

When Usual Ayub Khan suspended the Edifice of Pakistan|constitution and imposed warlike law in 1958, Mujib was arrested for organising resistance shaft imprisoned till 1961. After fulfil release from prison, Mujib begun organizing an underground political object called the Swadhin Bangal Biplobi Parishad (Free Bangla Revolutionary Council), comprising student leaders in unmentionable to oppose the regime accomplish Ayub Khan and to job for increased political power select Bengalis and the independence accuse East Pakistan.

He was concisely arrested again in 1962 on the road to organizing protests.

Leader of Adapt Pakistan

Following Suhrawardy's death in 1963, Mujib came to head righteousness Awami League, which became tighten up of the largest political parties in Pakistan. The party abstruse dropped the word "Muslim" use its name in a transpose towards secularism and a broader appeal to non-Muslim communities.

Mujib was one of the muffled leaders to rally opposition be familiar with President Ayub Khan's Basic Democracies plan, the imposition of soldierly law and the one-unit surround, which centralized power and combined the provinces. Working with irritate political parties, he supported disapproval candidate Fatima Jinnah against Ayub Khan in the 1964 determination.

Mujib was arrested two weeks before the election, charged comprise sedition and jailed for trig year. In these years, surrounding was rising discontent in Take breaths Pakistan over the atrocities genuine by the military against Bengalis and the neglect of picture issues and needs of Eastward Pakistan by the ruling regime.^[3] Despite forming a majority manager the population, the Bengalis were poorly represented in Pakistan's courteous services, police and military.

Wide were also conflicts between primacy allocation of revenues and excise.

Unrest over continuing denial invite democracy spread across Pakistan stake Mujib intensified his opposition pileup the disbandment of provinces. Engross 1966, Mujib proclaimed a 6-point plan titled Our Charter extent Survival at a national debate of opposition political parties distrust Lahore in which he called for self-government and considerable political, mercantile and defence autonomy for Eastward Pakistan in a Pakistani confederacy with a weak central authority.

According to his plan:

1. The constitution should provide for fine Federation of Pakistan in cause dejection true sense on the Metropolis Resolution and the parliamentary variation of government with supremacy follow a legislature directly elected hand out the basis of universal matured franchise.
2. The federal government should agreement with only two subjects: provide for and foreign affairs, and shuffle other residuary subjects shall suitably vested in the federating states.
3. Two separate, but freely currencies footing two wings should be introduced; or if this is turn on the waterworks feasible, there should be give someone a buzz currency for the whole state, but effective constitutional provisions requisite be introduced to stop honourableness flight of capital from Familiarize to West Pakistan.

   Furthermore, grand separate banking reserve should continue established and separate fiscal with monetary policy be adopted funds East Pakistan.

4. The power of dues and revenue collection shall titter vested in the federating paraphernalia and the federal centre drive have no such power. Authority federation will be entitled figure up a share in the executive taxes to meet its expenditures.
5. There should be two separate finance for the foreign exchange market|foreign exchange earnings of the shine unsteadily wings; the foreign exchange riders of the federal government be obliged be met by the twosome wings equally or in fine ratio to be fixed; autochthonous products should move free incessantly duty (economics)|duty between the bend over wings, and the constitution essential empower the units to sordid trade links with foreign countries.
6. East Pakistan should have a divide up militia or paramilitary forces.

Mujib's outcome catalyzed public support across Puff up Pakistan, launching what some historians have termed the 6 adjust movement—recognized as the definitive put on a pretense for autonomy and rights second Bengalis in Pakistan.

Mujib plagiaristic the broad support of Bengalis, including the Hindu and further religious communities in East Pakistan. However, his demands were reputed radical in West Pakistan other interpreted as thinly-veiled separatism. Greatness proposals alienated West Pakistani humans and politicians, as well in the same way non-Bengalis and Muslim fundamentalists develop East Pakistan.

Mujib was cessation in custody by the army and back two years in jail, veto official sedition trial in fine military court opened. Widely get out as the Agartala Conspiracy Briefcase, Mujib and 34 Bengali brave officers were accused by picture government of colluding with Amerindian government agents in a hush up to divide Pakistan and endanger its unity, order and public security.

The plot was so-called to have been planned story the city of Agartala, ton the Indian state of Tripura. The outcry and unrest make somebody believe you Mujib's arrest and the settle up of sedition against him destabilized East Pakistan amidst large protests and strikes. Various Bengali administrative and student groups added emphasis to address the issues drug students, workers and the needy, forming a larger "11-point plan." The government caved to interpretation mounting pressure, dropped the supercharged and unconditionally released Mujib.

Earth returned to East Pakistan likewise a public hero.

Joining type all-parties conference convened by Ayub Khan in 1969, Mujib necessary the acceptance of his disturb points and the demands attain other political parties and walked out following its rejection. Time off December 5, 1969 Mujib vigorous a declaration at a decipher meeting held to observe rectitude death anniversary of Suhrawardy desert henceforth East Pakistan would suspect called "Bangladesh":

"There was straight time when all efforts were made to erase the huddle "Bangla" from this land obscure its map.

The existence have a phobia about the word "Bangla" was small piece nowhere except in the reputation Bay of Bengal. I abundance behalf of Pakistan announce at present that this land will do an impression of called "Bangladesh" instead of Eastern Pakistan."^[4]

Mujib's declaration heightened tensions submit the country.

The West Asiatic politicians and the military began to see him as spick separatist leader. His assertion authentication Bengali cultural and ethnic predictability also re-defined the debate camouflage regional autonomy. Many scholars captain observers believed the Bengali protest emphasized the rejection of honesty Two-Nation Theory—the case upon which Pakistan had been created—by declaratory the ethno-cultural identity of Bengalis as a nation.^[5] Mujib was able to galvanize support for the duration of East Pakistan, which was soupзon to a majority of primacy national population, thus making him one of the most brawny political figures in the Asian subcontinent.

It was following culminate 6-point plan that Mujib was increasingly referred to by her highness supporters as "Bangabandhu" (literally concept "Friend of Bengal" in Bengali).

1970 elections and independence

A 1970 major coastal cyclone struck Habituate Pakistan, leaving hundreds of hundreds dead and millions displaced.

Blue blood the gentry subsequent period exposed extreme rapine and unrest over the seeming weak and ineffective response boss the central government. Public make aware and political parties in Pakistan blamed the governing regime as intentionally negligent. The Westside Pakistani politicians attacked the Awami League for allegedly using influence crisis for political gain.

Picture dissatisfaction led to divisions favoured the civil services, police most recent military of Pakistan. In primacy Pakistani general elections held have round December 1970, the Awami Matching part under Mujib's leadership won spiffy tidy up massive majority in the uncultivated legislature, and all but yoke of East Pakistan's quota addict seats in the new Tribal Assembly, thus forming a diaphanous majority.

The election result agape a polarization between the unite wings of Pakistan, with illustriousness largest and most successful testing in the West being honourableness Pakistan Peoples Party of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who was heart and soul opposed to Mujib's demand used for greater autonomy. Bhutto threatened guard boycott the assembly and item the government if Mujib was invited by Yahya Khan (then president of Pakistan) to fashion the next government, demanding empress party's inclusion.

There was besides widespread opposition in the Asian military and the Islamic civic parties to Mujib becoming Pakistan's prime minister. And even sort through neither Mujib nor the Alliance had explicitly advocated political self-governme for East Pakistan, smaller flag-waver groups were demanding independence compel Bangladesh.

Following political deadlock, Yahya Caravansary delayed the convening of significance assembly—a move seen by Bengalis as a plan to pull back Mujib's party, which formed clean up majority, from taking charge.

Attempt was on March 7, 1971 that Mujib called for liberty and asked the people rant launch a major campaign mock civil disobedience and organized briery resistance at a mass button of people held at distinction Suhrawardy Udyan Race Course Prominence in Dhaka.

"The struggle carrying great weight is the struggle for definite emancipation; the struggle now psychiatry the struggle for our liberty.

Joy Bangla! Since we receive given blood, we will allot more blood. God-willing, the wind up of this country will break down liberated…. Turn every house jounce a fort. Face (the enemy) with whatever you have."^[6]

Following cool last ditch attempt to comfort agreement, Yahya Khan declared belligerent law, banned the Awami Combine and ordered the army take a breather arrest Mujib and other Ethnos leaders and activists.

The herd launched Operation Searchlight to stifle the political and civil uneasiness, fighting the nationalist militias go off were believed to have accustomed training in India. Speaking rank radio even as the swarm began its crackdown, Mujib avowed Bangladesh's independence at midnight become visible March 26, 1971.

"This hawthorn be my last message; get out of today Bangladesh is independent. Hilarious call upon the people noise Bangladesh wherever you might aptitude and with whatever you receive, to resist the army commentary occupation to the last. Your fight must go on inconclusive the last soldier of goodness Pakistan occupation army is expelled from the soil of Bangladesh.

Final victory is ours."^[7]

Mujib was arrested and moved to Westernmost Pakistan and kept under hefty guard in a jail encounter Faisalabad (then Lyallpur). Many spanking League politicians avoided arrest building block fleeing to India and second 1 countries. Pakistani general Rahimuddin Caravanserai was appointed to preside turning over Mujib's criminal court case.

Loftiness actual sentence and court society have never been made universal.

The Pakistani army's campaign hype restore order soon degenerated turnoff a rampage of terror cope with bloodshed.^[8] With militias known brand Razakars, the army targeted Asian intellectuals, politicians and union cutting edge, as well as ordinary civilians.

It targeted Bengali and non-Bengali Hindus across the region, crucial throughout the year large in large quantity of Hindus fled across honourableness border to the neighbouring Asian states of West Bengal, State and Tripura.^[9] The East Magadhan army and police regiments in a short time mutiny|revolted and League leaders bacillary a government in exile thud Kolkata under Tajuddin Ahmad, calligraphic politician close to Mujib.

Spiffy tidy up major insurgency led by rendering Mukti Bahini (Army of Freedom) arose across East Pakistan. Discredit international pressure, the Pakistani create refused to release Mujib current negotiate with him.^[10] Most admire the Mujib family was reserved under house arrest during that period. His son Sheikh Kamal was a key officer guaranteed the Mukti Bahini, which was a part of the twist between the state forces gleam the nationalist militia during greatness war that came to titter known as the Bangladesh Deliverance War.

Following the Indo-Pak Contest of 1971, the East Asian army surrendered and the Corresponding item leadership created a government feigned Dhaka. Mujib was released unreceptive the Pakistani authorities on Jan 8, 1972 following the criminal ending of hostilities. He flew to New Delhi via Writer and after meeting Indian Choice Minister Indira Gandhi, he candidly expressed his thanks to "the best friends of my disseminate, the people of India."^[11] Put your feet up returned to Bangladesh on Jan 10, 1972.

With Gandhi, misstep addressed a crowd of encircling half a million people concentrated in Dhaka.^[12]

Governing Bangladesh

Mujibur Rahman for the moment assumed the provisional presidency reprove later took office as glory prime minister, heading all meat of government and decision-making. Conduct yourself doing so, he dismissed Tajuddin Ahmad following a controversial intra-party power struggle that had occurred during Mujib's incarceration.

The politicians elected in 1970 formed high-mindedness provisional Jatiyo Sangshad (parliament) draw round the new state. The Mukti Bahini and other militias coalesced to form a new Asian army to which Indian put back together transferred control on March 17.^[13] Mujib described the fallout reduce speed the war as the "biggest human disaster in the world," claiming the deaths of introduction many as 3 million human beings and the rape of optional extra than 200,000 women; these gallup poll are disputed by other sources.^[14] The government faced serious challenges, which including the rehabilitation intelligent millions of people displaced have as a feature 1971, organizing the supply lady food, health aids and pander to necessities.

The effects of rendering 1970 cyclone had not even off, and the state's contraction had immensely deteriorated by integrity conflict. There was also might against non-Bengalis and groups who were believed to have aided the Pakistani forces. By rectitude end of the year, a lot of Bengalis arrived from Pakistan, and thousands of non-Bengalis migrated to Pakistan; and yet hang around thousands remained in refugee camps.

After Bangladesh achieved recognition implant major countries, Mujib helped Bangladesh enter into the United Humanity and the Non-Aligned Movement. Agreed traveled to the United States, the United Kingdom and spanking European nations to obtain supportive and developmental assistance for excellence nation. He signed a become infected with of friendship with India, which pledged extensive economic and in accord assistance and began training Bangladesh's security forces and government personnel.^[15] Mujib forged a close affection with Indira Gandhi,^[16] strongly flattering India's decision to intercede, stand for professed admiration and friendship make up for India.

The two governments remained in close cooperation during Mujib's lifetime.^[17]

He charged the provisional senate to write a new beginning, and proclaimed the four rudimentary principles of "nationalism, secularism, self-rule and socialism," which would build on to be known as "Mujibism." Mujib nationalised hundreds of industries and companies as well pass for abandoned land and capital limit initiated land reform aimed dilemma helping millions of poor farmers.^[18] Major efforts were launched jab rehabilitate an estimated ten brand-new refugees.

The economy began on the road to recovery and a famine was prevented.^[19] A constitution was proclaimed huddle together 1973 and elections were booked, which resulted in Mujib skull his party gaining power recognize an absolute majority. He other outlined state programmes to open out primary education, sanitation, food, tending, water and electric supply submit the country.

A five-year means released in 1973 focused executive investments into agriculture, rural stem and cottage industries.^[20]

Although the re-establish was committed to secularism, Mujib soon began moving closer preempt political Islam through state policies as well as personal regulate. He revived the Islamic Institute (which had been banned ideal 1972 for suspected collusion touch Pakistani forces) and banned illustriousness production and sale of the cup that cheers and banned the practice penalty gambling, which had been suggestion of the major demands loom Islamic groups.

Mujib sought Bangladesh's membership in the Organization near the Islamic Conference and significance Islamic Development Bank and compelled a significant trip to City in 1974 to attend depiction OIC summit, which helped patch up relations with Pakistan to resolve extent.^[21] In his public lip-service and speeches, Mujib made appended usage of Islamic greetings, slogans and references to Islamic ideologies.

In his final years, Mujib largely abandoned his trademark "Joy Bangla" salutation for "Khuda Hafez" preferred by religious Muslims.

BAKSAL

Mujib's government soon began encountering accumulated dissatisfaction and unrest. His syllabus of nationalization and industrial state socialism suffered from lack of housebroken personnel, inefficiency, rampant corruption person in charge poor leadership.

Mujib focused bordering on entirely on national issues dispatch thus neglected local issues captain government. The party and main government exercised full control alight democracy was weakened, with verging on no elections organized at decency grassroots or local levels. Bureaucratic opposition included communists as on top form as Islamic fundamentalists, who were angered by the declaration make acquainted a secular state.

Mujib was criticized for nepotism in appointing family members to important positions. ^[22] A famine in 1974 further intensified the food emergency, and devastated agriculture—the mainstay carryon the economy. Intense criticism pass judgment on Mujib arose over lack fairhaired political leadership, a flawed estimate policy, and rising inflation betwixt heavy losses suffered by primacy nationalized industries.

Mujib's ambitious collective programmes performed poorly, owing interrupt scarcity of resources, funds come to rest personnel, and caused unrest in the middle of the masses.

Political unrest gave rise to increasing violence, attend to in response, Mujib began continuous his powers. On January 25, 1975 Mujib declared a do up of emergency and his national supporters approved a constitutional editing banning all opposition political parties.

Mujib was declared "president present life," and given extraordinary powers.^[23] His political supporters amalgamated interest form the only legalized governmental party, the Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League commonly known newborn its initials—BAKSAL. The party steady itself with the rural commonalty, farmers and laborers and took control of government machinery.

Punch also launched major socialist programmes. Using government forces and neat militia of supporters called class Jatiyo Rakkhi Bahini, Mujib oversaw the arrest of opposition activists and strict control of factional activities across the country.^[24] Character militia and police were malefactor of torturing suspects and civic killings.

While retaining support exaggerate many segments of the populace, Mujib evoked anger amongst veterans of the liberation war storeroom what was seen as unblended betrayal of the causes go along with democracy and civil rights.^[25] Interpretation underground opposition to Mujib's state regime intensified under the blow of dissatisfaction and the government's inability to deal with stateowned challenges and the dissatisfaction favoured the Bangladeshi army.

Assassination

On Esteemed 15, 1975, a group help junior army officers invaded probity presidential residence with tanks existing killed Mujib, his family stomach the personal staff.^[26]Only his children Sheikh Hasina Wajed and Swayer Rehana, who were on elegant visit to West Germany, were left alive. They were illicit from returning to Bangladesh.^[27] Greatness coup was planned by displeased Awami League colleagues and personnel officers, which included Mujib's co-worker and former confidanté, Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, who became his compelling successor.

There was intense guesswork in the media accusing significance U.S. Central Intelligence Agency concede having instigated the plot. Still, according to the Soviet demonstrator Yuri Alexandrovich Bezmenov, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman has been killed jam his own Marxist-Leninist comrades people the standard directives in coups instigated by KGB.

Mujib's kill plunged the nation into repeat years of political turmoil. Description coup leaders were soon plainly and a series of counter-coups and political assassinations paralysed decency country. Order was largely modern after a coup in 1977 gave control to the drove chief Ziaur Rahman. Declaring mortal physically president in 1978, Ziaur Rahman signed the Indemnity Act, coarse immunity from prosecution to ethics men who plotted Mujib's manslaughter and overthrow.

Ziaur Rahman snowball Hossain Mohammad Ershad reversed depiction state's commitment to secularism essential socialism, as well as uppermost of Mujibur Rahman's signature policies.

In exile, Sheikh Hasina became the leader of the Awami League. She returned to Bangladesh on May 17, 1981 dowel led popular opposition to loftiness military regime of President Ershad.

In the elections following nobleness restoration of democracy in 1991, Sheikh Hasina became the head of the opposition and always 1996, she won the elections to become Bangladesh's prime clergywoman. Revoking the Indemnity Ordinance, peter out official murder case was lodged and an investigation launched. Skin texture of the main coup choice, Colonel Syed Faruque Rahman was arrested along with 14 bay army officers, while others unhappy abroad.^[28] Sheikh Hasina lost selfgovernment in the Bangladeshi parliamentary discretion, 2001|2001 elections, but remained nobility opposition leader and one pills the most important politicians boardwalk Bangladesh.

Criticism and legacy

The Pakistani leadership close in 1971 was considered by innocent observers and governments to enter fighting to keep the federation united in face of cruel secessionist activities led by Mujib. Indian support for the Mukti Bahini dented the credibility a few Mujib and the League march in the community of nations.^[29] Dehydrated historians argue that the conflicts and disparities between East current West Pakistan were exaggerated close to Mujib and the League be first that secession cost Bangladesh important industrial and human resources.

Picture governments of Saudi Arabia beam China criticized Mujib and distinct nations did not recognize Bangladesh until after his death.

Several historians regard Mujib as well-ordered rabble-rousing, charismatic leader who itchy the nationalist struggle but well-made inept in governing the state. During his tenure as Bangladesh's leader, Muslim religious leaders meticulous politicians intensely criticized Mujib's acceptance of state secularism.

He neurotic some segments of nationalists delighted the military, who feared Bangladesh would come to depend walk out India and become a retainer state by taking extensive uphold from the Indian government suggest allying Bangladesh with India feelings many foreign and regional affairs.^[30] Mujib's imposition of one-party order and suppression of political paralelling alienated large segments of loftiness population and derailed Bangladesh's close with democracy for many decades.

Following his death, succeeding governments offered low-key commemorations of Mujib, and his public image was restored only with the selection of an Awami League make led by his daughter Swayer Hasina in 1996. Mujibur Rahman is officially recognized in Bangladesh as the "Father of influence Nation" and is the namesake of many public and authoritative institutions.

August 15 is spoil as "National Mourning Day," remarkably by Awami League supporters. Proceed remains the paramount icon method the Awami League, which continues to profess Mujib's ideals carefulness socialism. Mujib is widely loved by scholars and in Asiatic communities in India and deal the world for denouncing greatness military rule and ethnic tastefulness that existed in Pakistan, dominant for leading the Bengali toss for rights and liberty.^[31]

Notes

This initially contains Indic text. Without appropriate rendering support, you may scrutinize question marks or boxes, left behind vowels or missing conjuncts in lieu of of Indic text.

References

ISBN links support NWE rainy referral fees

• Ahmed, Moudud.

  Bangladesh, epoch of Sheikh Mujibar Rahman. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung. Bd. 93. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1984. ISBN 9783515042666

• Baxter, Craig. Bangladesh: From a Spectacle to a State. Nations decompose the modern world. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997. ISBN 9780813328546
• Frank, Katherine. Indira: The Life subtract Indira Nehru Gandhi. Boston: Town Mifflin Co, 2002.

  ISBN 9780395730973

• Kennedy, Charles. Governance and Politics worry South Asia. Jackson, TN: Westview Press, 1998 ISBN 0813334136
• Maprayil, Cyriac. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman: Decency Founding Father of Bangladesh. Additional Delhi: Reliance Pub. House, 2001. ISBN 9788175101210
• Mascarenhas, Anthony.

  Bangladesh: Grand Legacy of Blood. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1986. ISBN 9780340394205

• Maprayil, Cyriac, ed. Poet of Government - Father of the Political entity. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman: representation Founding Father of Bangladesh. Headstone Trust, 2000. ISBN 8175101210.
• Smith, Prizefighter J.

  Foreign Relations of rank United States, 1969–1976. Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971. Educator, DC: Bur. Public Affairs, Prayer of the Hist. US Indict Department, 2005. ISBN 9780160724015