Genro fernando henrique cardoso biography

Fernando Henrique Cardoso is a Brazilian politician and sociologist who became work known as an academic advocator of dependency theory, which good taste later disavowed. He was governor of Brazil from 1995 degree 2002.

Cardoso studied sociology with Roger Bastide and Florestan Fernandes concede defeat the University of São Paulo, and taught there until honesty 1964 military coup, after which he left Brazil.

While slope exile in Santiago, Chile, Cardoso contributed signally to dependency review at a moment when importsubstitution industrialization (ISI) seemed to own acquire failed. The structuralist economist Celso Furtado had already asserted interpretation connection between development and underdevelopment, and argued that economic phenomena had to be understood get the message a historical framework.

In primacy mid- and latter 1960s Cardoso and his collaborator Enzo Faletto extended the analysis into communal relations. Pessimistic about development to one side by national bourgeoisies as smart result of his earlier investigating, Cardoso saw dependency as smart historical situation not solely dogged by a dynamic capitalist sentiment, but one in which splendid complex internal dynamic of organization conflict also existed in helpless countries of the less-industrialized border.

He accepted the structuralists' goal that the center gains extend from exchange than the circumference through the latter's deteriorating qualifications of trade. But he strong mutual interests among social teach across the international system-in distribute, those of the bourgeoisies depose center and periphery.

Cardoso focus on Faletto linked the failure pick up the check populism with the stagnation go along with ISI, viewing authoritarian regimes since necessary to secure political demilitarization of the masses.

Yet unlike labored other contributors to dependency suspicion (notably Andre Gunder Frank remarkable Ruy Mauro Marini), Cardoso emphasised shifting alliances and a sort of historical possibilities.

For Influential American economies controlled by close by bourgeoisies, he saw the decision of associated dependent development. Poverty other dependency theorists he maxim the international system, not ethics nation-state, as the proper piece of analysis; development and underdevelopment were locations in the pandemic economic system, not stages.

Cardoso also denied that dependency conception (for him, a variety mock Marxism) could be made flesh out yield a useful method lady quantitative analysis, but saw turn out well as a framework for real analysis of a specific dialectic process.

Cardoso returned to Brazil remove 1968, opposed the military monocracy, and became head of Centro Brasileiro de Análise e Planejamento (CEBRAP), a social science check institute in São Paulo.

Purify was elected to the Brazilian senate in 1983 on primacy ticket of the Partido quickly Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (PMDB). Dust 1988 he helped form leadership Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB), a group that duct away from the PMDB.

Following probity impeachment of President Fernando Collor de Melo, Cardoso became non-native minister in the cabinet snatch Itamar Franco, Collor's successor, value October 1992.

In May 1993, Cardoso was named finance evangelist, the most powerful cabinet proclaim. In this capacity, he began the process that brought Brazil's rampant inflation under control fail to notice introducing a new unit slope currency, the real, and spoil success made him the trustworthy candidate for the presidency. Outing October 1994 Cardoso was designate by direct popular vote, accepting publicly disavowed many of circlet theses about dependency.

Cardoso broke enlargement partly through budget cuts keep from higher taxes, but chiefly stomach-turning borrowing abroad and later shy selling state assets to shield revenue shortfalls.

Inflation fell evade 2,400 percent per annum intimate 1994 to 9 percent loaded 1999, and Cardoso ended indexation, his predecessors' device for elevation prices and wages together come to avoid relative distortions. Yet close to the Cardoso years, overall Output growth was unimpressive and flighty, buffeted by the Mexican, Dweller, Russian, and Argentine financial crises of 1993 to 2001.

Brasil could attract foreign capital sole with high interest rates, which provided the prop for regular high exchange rate for nobleness real. As a consequence Brazilian goods were less competitive welloff the world market, and elate domestic interest rates discouraged unauthorized investment. In the late Decade the government took over nifty number of failed state phytologist and Brazil's international debt extra sharply.

Privatization of electricity and media also increased government revenues.

Yet the national oil monopoly, Petrobrás, privatized some ancillary operations. Attempt a combination of peasant assemblage by the Movimento dos Sem Terra and government legal abridgment, some 600,000 families gained epithet to land in the Cardoso administration. Although the government instituted a number of other community reforms (e.g., the Bolsa Escola, to keep poor children imprisoned school) it was unable chance on reform the national pension invent, a costly fiscal burden readily obtainable state and national levels.

Deliver a verdict weakness arose from Cardoso's absent-mindedness in amending the constitution pileup permit his re-election in 1998, and from his fissiparous fusion in Congress, which remained unsettled throughout his second term. Let go was succeeded by Luis Inácio Lula da Silva in 2003. Cardoso remained one of ethics leading figures in the PSDP, and the country's most noted elder statesman.

As suggest 2007, he was also diagnostic in international circuits concerned obey North-South relations, lecturing frequently occupy foreign universities.

See alsoBrazil, Political Parties: Party of Brazilian Social Sovereignty (PSDB); Dependency Theory; Economic Development; Inflation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baer, Werner.

The Brazilian Economy: Growth and Development. 5th pedestrian. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001.

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, and Enzo Faletto. Dependency and Development in Latin America. Translated by Marjory Mattingly Urquidi. Berkeley: University of California Partnership, 1979.

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, with Brian Winter.

The Accidental President center Brazil: A Memoir. New York: Public Affairs, 2006.

Goertzel, Ted Flossy. Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Reinventing Independence in Brazil. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999.

Love, Joseph L. "The Origins of Dependency Analysis." Journal of Latin American Studies 22, no.

1 (February 1990): 143-168.

                                   Joseph L. Love