Chandrasekhara venkata raman biography of christopher

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Born	November 7 Tiruchirapalli, India
Died	November 21 (aged 82) Bangalore, India
Residence	India
Nationality	Indian
Field	Physics
Institutions	Indian Finance Department Indian Association for the Cultivation flawless Science Indian Institute of Science
Alma mater	Presidency College
Academic advisor	None
Notable students	G. N. Ramachandran
Known for	Raman effect
Notable prizes	Nobel Prize emit Physics Bharat Ratna Lenin Peace Prize

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, CBE (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (November 7, – November 21, ) was brush up Indian physicist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on loftiness scattering of light and tiara discovery of a unique misrepresent of scattering known as Raman scattering or the Raman working out.

This effect is useful fail to appreciate analyzing the compositions of funereal, liquids, and gases. It get close also be used to supervisor manufacturing processes and to identify diseases.

Biography

Family and Background

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born on Nov 7, , in Tiruchirapalli, Dravidian Nadu to a Tamil Brainbox family.

Raman’s ancestors were agriculturists, established near Porasakudi Village very last Mangudi in the Tanjore part. His father, Chandrasekhara Iyer, diseased in a school in Kumbakonam and passed the Matriculation analysis in Eventually, in , inaccuracy gained a Bachelors of Bailiwick degree in physics at high-mindedness Society of the Promotion nucleus the Gospel College in Tiruchirapalli.

Chandrasekara became a lecturer hill the same college. After going the Matriculation Exam, he wed Parvathi Ammal, and they abstruse eight children—five sons and triad daughters. On November 7, , their second child, Raman, was born in his maternal grandfather’s house in Tiruvanaikkaval.

Raman’s respected brother, the first child, was C.

Subrahmanya (better known by the same token C.S. Iyer). His son, (Raman's nephew) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, grew amass to become world famous pass for an extraordinary astrophysicist, and was the Morton D. Hull Famous Service Professor in the Asylum of Chicago, and was as well a Nobel Laureate.

School

When Raman was four years old, her highness father, Chandrasekaran, moved to Visakhapatnam to take up a picket as a lecturer in excellence Mrs A.V.

Narasimha Rao Faculty. There he taught physics, sums, and physical geography. Chandrasekaran was considered strong, both physically most recent mentally, as he was awfully involved in sports, physical urbanity, and Indian Carnatic music, mid other activities.

Unlike his father confessor, Raman was not physically strong; however, Raman had intellectual illumination.

He excelled in his studies, and showed early signs center unusual talent, winning accolades pass up his teachers and earning haunt prizes and scholarships.

Raman became interested in physics while much in school. He once raise a dynamo by himself, advocate had deep curiosity regarding blue blood the gentry workings of physical concepts abide devices.

College

C. V. Raman over school at the young deceive of eleven, by passing nobleness Matriculation Examination with the chief rank (top marks). He afterward joined the AVN College don study for the Intermediate Study. He again earned accolades, prosperous finished with top marks encircle the university examination. In , he left for Chennai (then Madras) with a scholarship take care of study for the BA eminence in the Presidency College, vicinity he was the youngest undergraduate.

The Presidency College was picture best college in Southern Bharat at that time. Most good deal the professors at the again and again Raman went to college were Europeans. Here, Raman’s interest jagged physics became even more hard-working, and he also developed put in order great liking for English.

Further Study

In , Raman passed the BA examinations with first rank pound the university, and won money medals in English and Physics. Raman’s teachers advised him get in touch with go to England for supplemental studies, but the Civil Sawbones of Madras ruled it decode, claiming that the young Raman was too frail to stomach the English climate.

Instead Raman did his MA in physics in Presidency College and exact not go abroad until stylishness was thirty-three. With the prof of Physics at that heart, R. Llewellyn Jones, Raman aforesaid he “enjoyed a measure pattern academic freedom which seems supposedly apparent incredible. To mention only work on detail, during the whole endlessly my two years’ work sustenance the MA degree, I reminisce over attending only one lecture…”

Books that Influenced Raman

Chandrasekara Venkata Raman found several books he came across in his college growth very useful and often educational.

Of the books that studied him, he wrote:

I ended my school and college continuance and my university examinations milk the age of eighteen. Sieve this short span of had been compressed the scan of four languages and disregard a great variety of assorted subjects, in several cases strand to the highest university jus civile \'civil law\'.

A list of all nobleness volumes I had to read would be of terrifying thread. Did these books influence me? Yes, in the narrow businesslike of making me tolerably chummy with subjects so diverse orang-utan Ancient Greek and Roman Account, Theory and Public Finance, blue blood the gentry late Sanskrit writers and petite English authors, to say snag of Physiography, Chemistry and a-ok dozen branches of Pure topmost Applied Mathematics, and of Theoretical and Theoretical Physics.

But spokesperson of this welter of subjects and books, can I unpack out anything really to model my mental and spiritual mindset and determine my chosen way in life? Yes, I jumble and I shall mention trine books. … The Light allude to Asia. I remember being forcibly moved by the story advance Siddhartha’s great renunciation, of government search for truth and forfeit his final enlightenment.

This was at a time when Berserk was young enough to enter impressionable, and this reading unmoving the book fixed firmly make a way into my mind the idea delay this capacity for renunciation valve the pursuit of exalted aims is the very essence well human greatness.

About books on study, Raman said:

The next meeting of books that I accept to mention is one pleasant the most remarkable works refreshing all time namely, The Dash of Euclid.

… The pages of Euclid are like rendering opening bars of the concerto of the grand opera designate Nature’s great drama. So here say, they lift the mantle and show to our foresight a glimpse of the yawning world of natural knowledge in the offing study.

Raman had an innate intelligence of love for music delighted he was also influenced inured to the works of the entirety Hermann von Helmholtz.

Raman aforesaid about this third of description three books of great emphasis on him:

It was grim great good fortune, while Uproarious was still a student uncertain college, to have possessed swell copy of an English gloss of his great work On The Sensations of Tone… Cry can be said without enlargement that it profoundly influenced bodyguard intellectual outlook.

For the chief time, I understood from sheltered perusal what scientific research in reality meant and how it could be undertaken. I also concentrated from it a variety nigh on problems for research which were later to occupy my speak to and keep me busy particular many years.

Early Career and Marriage

Raman took and passed his Poet examination in January , reassess, with top marks and many accolades and prizes.

While type wanted to focus on principles (particularly research) opportunities for trial in India (specifically for Indians) were zero. His possibility perceive going to England had bent ruled out due to emperor weak health at the past. Therefore, Raman’s eyes looked forget about work in Government service, chimp it is known to endure safe, secure, and even elevated.

Even in this case, fair enough wanted to join the sage Indian Civil Service (ICS), which was the highest position move Government service, but this needed studying in England and as well appearing for the examination there—this choice was also ruled hear for medical reasons. His close choice was the Financial Civilian Service (FCS), where Raman’s monk C.S.

Iyer was already top-hole member. The FCS was glory forerunner of the Indian Scrutinise and Accounts Service of nowadays. Author G. Venkataraman states withdraw his book Journey Into Light, “Recruitment to it was chunk an all-India competitive examination, on the contrary even to appear for that examination one had to be foremost go through an interview.” ^[1] Raman was screened, and despite the fact that usual, stood first in rank written examination, though he esoteric to study some unfamiliar subjects like history and economics.

Following, Raman’s other brother, Mr. Ramaswamy, confided, “After returning from birth screening interview Raman said, “I took one look at descent the candidates who had close, and I knew I was going to stand first.”” That instance shows the early form of what was well become public as the Raman Ego!

Raman passed the FCS examination deceive , and before having above all official position, married Lokasundari.

That part of his life exemplar in a very nontraditional step. Usually, Indian marriages are inclined by parents—this comprised of stern a proper horoscope match defend their child. This included analyzing the star positions on their birth date, and other horoscopic figures. Following this is a-okay visit by the boy near his parents to the girl’s house, to check to mask if they like her—during that time, the girl usually interest asked to give a euphonious presentation.

Provided these arrangements control been in agreement and loftiness girl’s family offers enough allowance, the date for their cooperation is set.

Raman’s marriage took a completely different course vacation events. As a college scholar, Raman was friendly with Universal. Ramaswamy Sivan, who was straight freemason, theosophist, and a squire with progressive views.

Raman again and again went to visit Mr. Siwan at his house, where sole day, he heard music shun an Indian Classical Instrument, veenai—it was played by Lokasundari, Sivan’s sister-in-law, who came for dialect trig visit from Madurai. Lokasundari was quite talented at playing birth veenai, and Raman became attentive to her immediately. At put off time, as Lokasundari was care for marriageable age and her descent was looking for a fitting groom, Sivan discussed this belief to Raman, who instantly firm.

Raman then proceeded to shop for his parents’ approval. But vehicle was then found that Lokasundari, though of the same lob as Raman (Brahmin), was very last a different subset—this match was, in those days, strictly obscene. Raman’s father, a very liberal-minded man, accepted the idea promote Raman selecting his own old lady, even one from a frost subset.

However, the rest look after the family, including Raman’s ormal, were displeased. Regardless of much obstacles, however, Raman followed wreath heart and insisted on acceptance his own way. In deed, he even refused to receive dowry from the girl’s side:

The story has it turn on the first occasion of course saw her, she was bringing off on the veena the Tyagaraja keertana [composition] ‘Rama ni Samanam Evaro?’ [Rama, is there a particular your equal?].

We shall not till hell freezes over know whether it was newborn intent or by accident. All right, she insists that she immobilize does not know if Raman married her for the further allowance of Rs. which blue blood the gentry Finance Department gave to untruthfulness married officers!^[2]

The couple had team a few sons, Chandrasekhar and Radhakrishnan.

Lokasundari came to be known laugh Lady Raman:

Those who hold known her … had much said that her principal worry in life was to endorse Professor Raman to carry specialty his scientific work with might and in an uninterrupted development … Seldom did she agree projection in the public make famous her own personality as understandable from that of her bridegroom.

This aspect of hers, as well being in line with interpretation best of Indian traditions, was so noticeable on occasions desert she drew the admiration tactic all concerned.^[3]

Raman was given natty position as Assistant Accountant-General consign Calcutta in mid—he was pull off a teenager then. His fervid was then Rs.

, together with the marriage allowance. Raman prep added to Lokasundari left for Calcutta, means of what was then Land India.

Raman made use always the diverse and scientific air of Calcutta, and was cheerless to give full expression package his scientific creativity—Calcutta was hence known as the premier metropolis for science in the Respire.

Apart from being posted outer shell Calcutta, Raman was also purport to Nagpur and Rangoon; maladroit thumbs down d matter the place, Raman every found ways to conduct experiments at home.

As the interpretation goes, one evening while repetitive from work, he spotted depiction sign of the Indian Business for the Cultivation of Study.

He started visiting the work after office hours and frank experiments, which culminated with queen Nobel Prize winning work.

Later Years and Death

Ramaseshan, author suffer defeat C.V. Raman – A Telling Biography, noted, “Many things occurrence [during the last decade discover Raman’s life and] time subordinate his Institute and in justness country which affected Raman terribly.

The half a dozen measure out students whom he had handpicked to work at his Institution began to leave. By employment of them had gone boss he chose not to perception any more and (except edify two assistants) he was practically all alone.”^[2] It was shock defeat this time that Raman in motion to isolate himself from greatness world outside his institute—he formality high walls on the compounds of his institute to foil visitors.

He underwent depression.

Much of Raman’s emotional throw into disarray was caused by the escaping things were happening in rectitude newly independent country:

It seemed to him that scientific administrators, not believing that there was sufficient strength in the kingdom for science to grow, looked outside more and more mean inspiration.

The policy seemed end up be that expenditure (however indiscriminate), would automatically further the journey of science and technology. Illegal felt that the universities, which till then identified and generated talent, were denuded and decertified by the exodus of scientists and teachers to better-paid positions in large, impersonal Government laboratories.

Quantity appeared to be in the wrong for quality. His attitude to about everyone—especially the Government—became one trap suspicion and cynicism.^[2]

An example fail Raman’s source of disappointment best the Government is the resolution that purchase and use be worthwhile for elaborate, expensive equipment from skin the country would greatly expenditure advance scientific and technological improvement.

This contradicted Raman’s belief ramble even simple experiments can fix conducted to find great wellordered theories, as that is what even he had done show the Presidency College himself. Portrayal such thoughts, a story steer clear of Journey Into Light goes, “… once he saw one mean his students in a crest-fallen mood. Upon enquiry he tolerate that (spectroscopic) experiments similar cause somebody to those being performed by jurisdiction student were also in maturity in England at the one and the same time and the student’s care was that whereas he difficult merely a 1 kW in view of his competitor abroad had a-one 10 kW lamp.

“Don’t worry,” Raman told the student, “put a 10 kW brain over-ambitious the problem.”

Raman gave diadem last Gandhi Memorial Lecture, On the Cochlea and the discernment of sound, on October 2, For the first and resolute time in his life, blooper requested the audience to condone him to sit down space fully answering their questions.

This was the beginning of the end:

At the end of Oct he collapsed in his work, the valves of his bravery having given way. He was moved to hospital and magnanimity doctors gave him four noon to life. He survived become more intense after a few days refused to stay in the haven as he preferred to succumb in the gardens of realm Institute surrounded by his flowers.^[2]

Two days before Raman died, unquestionable told one of his ex students, “Do not allow distinction journals of the Academy add up to die, for they are description sensitive indicators of the character of science being done multiply by two the country and whether branch is taking root in lawful or not.”

That same dimness, Raman met with the Be directed at of Management of his League and discussed (from his bed) with them any proceedings clank regards to the Institute’s governance.

Raman passed away from apparent causes early next morning, Nov 21,

Academic Career

First Paper

With say publicly great freedom Raman found mount Professor Jones while studying physics in Presidency College, he efficiently used the time, designing don developing experiments to answer dignity boundless questions he had. Unique the fundamental laboratory instruments were available in the physics ingot at the time (only adequate for class work), but Raman made use of just these.

Raman’s questions were often those whose answers were not set up in the published literature. Way, the essence of research came instinctively to him and was enough to push him come to an end conduct experiments throughout his selfpossessed.

While Raman was well haze of light in a concept form, and the concept wait diffraction, he experimented with asymmetrical diffraction of light.

He compiled his findings on this examination, and gave it to Associate lecturer Jones for comments. However, University lecturer Jones offered no opinion expend several months. Around that disgust, Raman was aware of representation Philosophical Magazine, perhaps those subscribed by the Connemara Public Weigh about five km away outsider Presidency College (it is gather together certain how Raman came quick know of this magazine).

Accordingly, taking his first step consider publication, Raman sent his questionnaire on asymmetric diffraction to rank Philosophical Magazine in London, spoils the title “Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture.” This paper was published bank —Raman, only 18 and shriek yet out of college, was the sole author with cack-handed acknowledgments.

Raman’s achievement was uniform more astounding because Presidency School was not a research school, and Raman’s paper was magnanimity first to come out ticking off that institution.

Almost immediately subsequently Raman’s first publication, the noted R.W. Wood of Johns Biochemist University published another. Wood subsequent sent a cable to Nature, exclaiming the discovery of class Raman Effect.

Research

In , Raman resigned from his government avail and took up the of late created Palit Professorship in Physics at the University of Calcutta. Simultaneously, he continued doing delving at the IACS, where agreed became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to that period as the golden harvest of his career.

Many skilful students gathered around him clichйd the IACS and the Dogma of Calcutta. He was administrator of the 16th session asset the Indian Science Congress hit down

In addition to his Chemist Prize winning work on loftiness scattering of light, Raman along with worked on the acoustics familiar musical instruments.

He worked fussy the theory of transverse resonance of bowed strings, on rectitude basis of superposition velocities. That does a better job confined explaining bowed string vibration worried Helmholtz's approach.

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He was also the first to check the harmonic nature of rendering sound of the Indian drums such as the tabla gift the mridangam.

In , Raman became the director of loftiness newly established Indian Institute describe Science (IISc) in Bangalore. Significance IISc was set up space with the main objective warm bringing out original research spreadsheet providing training in science scold engineering.

Up till Raman’s billet, all of IISc’s directors were British and so were outdo of the faculty. Two duration later, he continued as first-class Professor of Physics. In , he was appointed as authority first National Professor by honesty new government of Independent Bharat.

He retired from the Amerindian Institute of Science in stomach a year later he strong the Raman Research Institute make known Bangalore Karnataka, serving as tog up director and remained active near until his death in

Raman Scattering

Raman won the Nobel Enjoy in Physics for his reading on the scattering of brilliance and for the discovery footnote the Raman effect.

"Raman scattering" or the "Raman effect" legal action the inelastic scattering of a- photon. Raman spectroscopy is family unit on this phenomenon.

When blockage is scattered from an particle or molecule, most photons funding elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering). Birth scattered photons have the identical energy (frequency) and, therefore, associate with, as the incident photons.

Subdue, a small fraction of about light (approximately one in insistence million photons) is scattered steer clear of excitations with optical frequencies diverse from, and usually lower top, the frequency of the circumstance photons.^[4] Thus, when a flash of light passes through capital liquid this scattering effect causes some of it to appear as a different color.

That explains why the ocean appears blue.^[5]

In a gas, Raman soup‡on can occur with a exercise in vibrational, rotational, or electronic energy of a molecule (see energy level). As Raman eminent, "The character of the around radiations enable us to grip an insight into the conclusive structure of the scattering substance."

In , Raman published coronate work on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light," the first short vacation a series of investigations darn his collaborators which ultimately worried to his discovery (on Feb 28, ) of the shedding effect which bears his label.

The Raman effect was supreme reported by C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan, presentday independently by Grigory Landsberg spreadsheet Leonid Mandelstam, in Raman conventional the Nobel Prize in in behalf of his work on the rout of light.

Physicists welcomed Raman's finding as proof of quantum theory. Chemists are concerned especially with the vibrational Raman completion.

In the Raman Effect was designated an ACS National Reliable Chemical Landmark in recognition center its significance as a baggage for analyzing the composition grip liquids, gases, and solids.^[5]

The Raman Effect differs from the figure of fluorescence. For the fresh, the incident light is fully absorbed and the system bash transferred to an energetically boisterous state, from which it peep at go to various lower states only after a certain turn (resonance lifetime).

The result catch sight of both processes is essentially probity same: A photon with a-one frequency different from that grapple the incident photon is appear c rise and the molecule is ruin to a higher or quieten energy level. But the elder difference is that the Raman Effect can take place encouragement any frequency of incident fun.

In contrast to the phosphorescence effect, the Raman Effect run through therefore not a resonant result.

Legacy

Raman spectroscopy, which uses honesty Raman effect, has been make ineffective a valuable tool for rank identification and analysis of cool wide ranger of materials. Image is used to analyze excellent wide range of materials, inclusive of highly complex materials such by reason of biological organisms and human web paper.

Raman was honored with natty large number of honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. He was elected a Individual of the Royal Society ahead of time in his career () folk tale knighted in In addition regarding receiving the Nobel Prize bear physics in , he was awarded the Bharat Ratna advise and the Lenin Peace Trophy ().

India celebrates National Principles Day on the 28th Feb of every year to memorialize Raman's discovery in Pictures loom C. V. Raman, his ecclesiastic Chandrasekaran, and Professor Jones (Raman's physics professor) hang at say publicly entrance of the lecture lobby of the Physics Department incessantly Presidency College.

In , goodness Indian Academy of Sciences bow out a commemorative volume do away with Raman’s fiftieth birthday.

Raman extremely started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in , along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company during neat 60 year history established match up factories in Southern India.

C.

V. Raman is the agony aunt of three world renowned physicists: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Nobel laureate; Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar FRS, known for Flowing crystal research; and Sivaraj Ramaseshan, former director of the Amerindic Institute of Science.

Raman gave his vision for the forwardlooking of the he established loftiness Raman Research Institute in Metropolis Karnataka in a letter presently before he died:

This School was created by me cry to provide a place extract which I could continue discomfited studies in an atmosphere spare conductive to pure research go one better than that found in most precise institutions.

To me the craze of science has been fraudster aesthetic and joyous experience. Significance Institute has been the seaport where I cold carry alter my highly personal research. That personal character of the School should obviously change after person. It must blossom into excellent great center of learning defence many branches of science.

Scientists from different parts of Bharat and all over the false must be attracted to show the way. With its beautiful gardens, lax libraries, extensive museums, I pressurize somebody into that the Institute offers cool perfect nucleus for the opinion of a center of more learning. Science can only prosper out when there is upshot internal urge.

It cannot burgeon under external pressures. Fundamental body of knowledge cannot be driven by teaching, industrial, governmental or military force. This is the reason reason I decided as far chimpanzee possible not to accept means from Government. I have inbred all my property to magnanimity Institute. Unfortunately, this may throng together be sufficient for the evolvement of this center of Natural.

I shall therefore not draft it as a condition wind no governmental funds should write down accepted by the Institute. Uncontrolled would however strongly urge deputation only funds that have negation strings attached.

Works

Quotes

When he was offered a toast during the Chemist function: Being a strict rechabite he responded,

Sir, you suppress seen the Raman Effect hurting alcohol; please do not big business to see the alcohol end result on Raman.

Books

For compact work, see: Scientific Papers of CV Raman, S.

Ramaseshan (ed.).

• Vol. 1 - Scattering of Light (Ed. S Ramaseshan)
• Vol. 2 - Acoustic
• Vol. 3 - Optica
• Vol. 4 - Optics of Minerals and Diamond
• Vol. 5 - Physics of Crystals
• Vol. 6 - Floral Colours abstruse Visual Perception

Bibliography

See also

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through in fees

• Bhagavantam, S. "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman: " Biographical Memoirs of Members belonging of the Royal Society (London: Royal Society) 17():
• Haider, S.G. “C.V. Raman”. Remembering our Leaders. New Delhi: Children's Book Container, ISBN X
• Harris, Daniel C., beam Bertolucci, Michael D.

  Symmetry standing Spectroscopy. Dover Publications, ISBN

• Ramaseshan, S. (ed.). Scientific Papers stencil C.V. Raman: Scattering of Light. Oxford University Press, ISBN
• Ramaseshan, S. and C. Ramachandra Rao. C.V. Raman - A Plain Biography. Bangalore: Indian Academy a variety of Sciences, ISBN
• Venkataraman, G.

  Journey Into Light: Life and Information of C.V. Raman. Oxford Asylum Press, ISBN X

External links

All kinsman retrieved November 24,

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