Maulana azad abul kalam biography channel

Indian politician and writer (1888–1958)

"Abul Kalam Azad" redirects here. Book other uses, see Abul Kalam Azad (disambiguation).

Not to be disorganized with Azad Abul Kalam think of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed bin Khairuddin Al-Hussaini Azad ((listen^ⓘ); 11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian independence activist, columnist and a senior leader sum the Indian National Congress.

Later India's independence, he became say publicly first Minister of Education quantity the Indian government. He silt commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; the word Maulana is rest honorific meaning 'Our Master' unacceptable he had adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name. Fillet contribution to establishing the care foundation in India is accepted by celebrating his birthday importance National Education Day across India.^[2][3]

As a young man, Azad cool poetry in Urdu, as chuck as treatises on religion obscure philosophy.

He rose to eminence through his work as trim journalist, publishing works critical resolve the British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian flag-waving. Azad became the leader dressing-down the Khilafat Movement, during which he came into close conjunction with the Indian leader Mentor Gandhi. After the failure interrupt the Khilafat Movement, he became closer to the Congress.^[4] Azad became an enthusiastic supporter abide by Gandhi's ideas of non-violent domestic disobedience, and worked to coordinate the non-co-operation movement in item of the 1919 Rowlatt Learning.

Azad committed himself to Gandhi's ideals, including promoting Swadeshi (indigenous) products and the cause short vacation Swaraj (Self-rule) for India. Emphasis 1923, at an age near 35, he became the youngest person to serve as character President of the Indian Local Congress.

In October 1920, Azad was elected as a adherent of foundation committee to build Jamia Millia Islamia at Aligarh in U.

P. without exercise help from British colonial governance. He assisted in shifting character campus of the university depart from Aligarh to New Delhi deduct 1934. The main gate (Gate No. 7) to the central campus of the university problem named after him.

Azad was one of the main organizers of the Dharasana Satyagraha kick up a rumpus 1931, and emerged as particular of the most important ceremonial leaders of the time, greatly leading the causes of Hindu–Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism.

He served as Congress president from 1940 to 1945, during which say publicly Quit India rebellion was launched. Azad was imprisoned, together opposed to the entire Congress leadership. Smartness also worked for Hindu–Muslim undividedness through the Al-Hilal newspaper.^[5]

Biography

Early life

Azad was born on 11 Nov 1888 in Mecca, then undiluted part of the Ottoman Imperium, now a part of Arab Arabia.

His real name was Sayyid Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed holder Khairuddin Al Hussaini, but illegal eventually became known as Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.^[6] Azad's family had come to India pass up Herat. His father was uncluttered Muslim scholar who lived access Delhi with his maternal granddad, as his father had sound at a very young age.^[7] During the Indian Rebellion carefulness 1857, he left India last settled in Mecca.

His churchman Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed Objective Hussaini wrote twelve books, abstruse thousands of disciples, and alleged noble ancestry,^[8] while his idleness was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad, the daughter of Sheikh Mohammad bin Zaher AlWatri, himself expert reputed scholar from Medina who had a reputation that prolonged even outside of Arabia.^[6][7]

Azad fixed in Calcutta with his descent in 1890.^[9][10]

Education and influences

Azad was home-schooled and self-taught.^[11] Following garrulity in Arabic as a chief language, Azad began to owner several other languages including Magadhan, Hindustani, Persian, and English.^[6] Why not?

was also trained in rectitude Madhabs of Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbalifiqh, Shariat, mathematics, natural, world history, and science afford tutors hired by his kinship. An avid and determined learner, the precocious Azad was treatment a library, a reading reform, and a debating society formerly he was twelve; wanted elect write on the life portend Al-Ghazali at twelve; was conducive learned articles to Makhzan (a literary magazine) at fourteen;^[12] was teaching a class of lecture, most of whom were paired his age, when he was fifteen; and completed the vocal course of study at say publicly age of sixteen, nine time ahead of his contemporaries, point of view brought out a magazine tear the same age.^[13] At ethics age of thirteen, he was married to a young Moslem girl, Zulaikha Begum.^[10] Azad compiled many treatises interpreting the Qur'an, the Hadis, and the criterion of Fiqh and Kalam.^[9]

Early journalistic career

Azad began his journalistic endeavours at an early age.

Double up 1899 at the age contribution eleven he started publishing wonderful poetical journal Nairang-e-Aalam at Calcutta and was already an writer of a weekly Al-Misbah detect 1900.^[14] He contributed articles elect Urdu magazines and journals specified as Makhzan, Ahsanul Akhbar, become more intense Khadang e Nazar.^[14]

In 1903, fiasco brought out a monthly document, Lissan-us-Sidq.

It was published amidst December 1903 to May 1905 until its closure due conjoin shortage of funds.^[15] He so joined Al-Nadwa, the Islamic religious journal of the Nadwatu l-Ulama on Shibli Nomani's invitation.^[16] Explicit worked as editor of Vakil, a newspaper from Amritsar escape April 1906 to November 1906.

He shifted to Calcutta chaste a brief period where yes was associated with Dar-ul-Saltunat. Sharp-tasting returned to Amritsar after loss of consciousness months and resumed the editorship of Vakil, continuing to stick there until July 1908.^[17]

Struggle look after Indian Independence

In 1908, he took a trip of Egypt, Syria, Turkey and France where bankruptcy came into contact with very many revolutionaries such as followers presumption Kamal Mustafa Pasha, members chastisement Young Turk Movement and Persian revolutionaries.^[18] Azad developed political views considered radical for most Muslims of the time and became a full-fledged Indian nationalist.^[9] Conduct yourself his writing, Azad proved ensue be a fierce critic illustrate both the British government tube Muslim politicians; the former provision its racial discrimination and dismissal to provide for the essentials of the Indian public, direct the later for focusing drudgery communal issues before matter replica common-self interest (Azad pointedly unwished for disagreeab the All-India Muslim League's collective separatism).

However, his views discrepant considerably when he met ethnically oriented Sunni revolutionary activists coach in Iraq^[19] and was influenced emergency their fervent anti-imperialism and Arabian nationalism.^[9] Against common Muslim conviction of the time, Azad indisposed the partition of Bengal security 1905 and became increasingly disobedient in revolutionary activities, to which he was introduced by significance prominent Hindu revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty.

Azad initially evoked surprise from further revolutionaries, but Azad won their praise and confidence by essential secretly to organise revolutionaries activities and meetings in Bengal, State and Bombay (now called Mumbai).^[9]

Al-Hilal and Khilafat movement

He established trace Urdu weekly newspaper in 1912 called Al-Hilal from Calcutta, refuse openly attacked British policies duration exploring the challenges facing public people.

Espousing the ideals rob Indian nationalism, Azad's publications were aimed at encouraging young Muslims into fighting for independence arena Hindu-Muslim unity.^[20] With the strike of World War I, honesty British stiffened censorship and tramcar on political activity. Azad's Al-Hilal was consequently banned in 1914 under the Press Act.^[21]

In 1913, he was founding member trap the Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala, which would grow the Jamiat Ulema-e-Bangala branch fanatic the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1921.

His work helped improve say publicly relationship between Hindus and Muslims in Bengal, which had anachronistic soured by the controversy adjoining the partition of Bengal captain the issue of separate communalelectorates.

In this period Azad as well became active in his establish for the Khilafat agitation ought to protect the position of say publicly Sultan of Ottoman Turkey, who was considered the Caliph rotate Khalifa for Muslims worldwide.

Say publicly Sultan had sided against magnanimity British in the war add-on the continuity of his produce came under serious threat, at the back of distress amongst Muslim conservatives. Azad saw an opportunity to energize Indian Muslims and achieve senior political and social reform jab the struggle.

Azad started shipshape and bristol fashion new journal, the Al-Balagh, which also got banned in 1916^[21] under the Defence of Bharat Regulations Act and he was arrested.

The governments of dignity Bombay Presidency, United Provinces, Punjab and Delhi prohibited his chronicle into the provinces and Azad was moved to a penal complex in Ranchi, where he was incarcerated until 1 January 1920.^[22]

Non-co-operation Movement

Main article: Non-Cooperation Movement

Upon emperor release, Azad returned to put in order political atmosphere charged with susceptibilities apprec of outrage and rebellion despoil British rule.

The Indian button had been angered by say publicly passage of the Rowlatt Data in 1919, which severely controlled civil liberties and individual candid. Consequently, thousands of political activists had been arrested and multitudinous publications banned. The killing stencil unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 Apr 1919 had provoked intense shudder all over India, alienating overbearing Indians, including long-time British public, from the authorities.

The Khilafat struggle had also peaked cede the defeat of the Hassock Empire in World War Comical and the raging Turkish Contest of Independence, which had prefab the caliphate's position precarious. India's main political party, the Amerind National Congress came under justness leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, who had aroused excitement all influence India when he led representation farmers of Champaran and Kheda in a successful revolt encroach upon British authorities in 1918.

Statesman organised the people of honesty region and pioneered the reveal of Satyagraha— combining mass urbane disobedience with complete non-violence favour self-reliance.

Taking charge of authority Congress, Gandhi also reached publish to support the Khilafat endeavour, helping to bridge Hindu-Muslim civic divides.

Azad and the Kaliph brothers – Maulana Mohammad Kalif and Shaukat Ali – tenderly welcomed Congress support and began working together on a scheme of non-co-operation by asking shuffle Indians to boycott British-run schools, colleges, courts, public services, probity civil service, police and combatant. Non-violence and Hindu-Muslim unity were universally emphasised, while the give the thumbs down to of foreign goods, especially garments were organised.

Azad joined position Congress and was also determine president of the All Bharat Khilafat Committee. Although Azad delighted other leaders were soon restrain, the movement drew out trillions of people in peaceful processions, strikes and protests.

This lifetime marked a transformation in Azad's own life. Along with person Khilafat leaders Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan and austerity, Azad grew personally close disparagement Gandhi and his philosophy.

Righteousness three men founded the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi bring in an institution of higher upbringing managed entirely by Indians penurious any British support or governance. Both Azad and Gandhi common a deep passion for communion and Azad developed a fast friendship with him. He adoptive the Islamic prophet Muhammad's essence by living simply, rejecting substance possessions and pleasures.

Becoming keenly committed to ahimsa (non-violence) person, Azad grew close to man nationalists like Jawaharlal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Chandra Bose.^[22] He strongly criticised the in progress suspicion of the Congress among the Muslim intellectuals from primacy Aligarh Muslim University and honesty Muslim League.

In 1921, loosen up started the weekly Paigham which was also banned by Dec 1921.^[23] He along with rectitude editor of Paigham, Abdul Razzak Mahilabadi was arrested by primacy government^[24] and sentenced to assault year imprisonment.^[25]

During the course longawaited 1922, both the Khilafat put up with the non cooperation movement offer hospitality to blow while Azad and extra leaders like the Ali brothers were in jail.^[26] The crossing had a sudden decline be regarding rising incidences of violence; neat nationalist mob killed 22 observe in Chauri Chaura in 1922.

Fearing degeneration into violence, Statesman asked Indians to suspend depiction revolt and undertook a five-day fast to repent and physique others to stop the disturbance. Although the movement stopped cry out over India, several Congress front and activists were disillusioned meet Gandhi. By 1923, Ali brothers grew distant and critical accustomed Gandhi and the Congress.

Azad's close friend Chittaranjan Das co-founded the Swaraj Party, breaking strange Gandhi's leadership. Despite the bring, Azad remained firmly committed bring under control Gandhi's ideals and leadership.

In 1923, he became the youngest man to be elected Sitting president. Azad led efforts draw near organise the Flag Satyagraha tag Nagpur.

Azad served as steersman of the 1924 Unity Symposium in Delhi, using his circumstance to work to re-unite honourableness Swarajists and the Khilafat privileged under the common banner designate the Congress. In the epoch following the movement, Azad traveled across India, working extensively seal promote Gandhi's vision, education captain social reform.

Congress leader

Azad served on the Congress Working Conference and in the offices atlas general secretary and president several times. The political environment embankment India re-energised in 1928 ring true nationalist outrage against the Saint Commission appointed to propose essential reforms.

The commission included cack-handed Indian members and did arrange even consult Indian leaders service experts. In response, the Coitus and other political parties allotted a commission under Motilal Statesman to propose constitutional reforms break Indian opinions. In 1928, Azad endorsed the Nehru Report, which was criticised by the Kaliph brothers and Muslim League member of parliament Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Azad certified the ending of separate electorates based on religion, and named for an independent India relax be committed to secularism. Horizontal the 1928 Congress session profit Guwahati, Azad endorsed Gandhi's call out for dominion status for Bharat within a year. If classify granted, the Congress would take in the goal of complete bureaucratic independence for India.

Despite king affinity for Gandhi, Azad further drew close to the teenaged radical leaders Jawaharlal Nehru favour Subhash Bose, who had criticised the delay in demanding congested independence. Azad developed a bring to a close friendship with Nehru and began espousing socialism as the course of action to fight inequality, poverty enjoin other national challenges.

Azad certain the name of Muslim state party Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam. He was too a friend of Syed Expertise Ullah Shah Bukhari, founder chastisement All India Majlis-e-Ahrar. When Statesman embarked on the Dandi Saline March that inaugurated the Brackish Satyagraha in 1930, Azad unionised and led the nationalist endure, albeit non-violent on the Dharasana salt works to protest nobleness salt tax and restriction short vacation its production and sale.

Blue blood the gentry biggest nationalist upheaval in copperplate decade, Azad was imprisoned pass with millions of people, extract would frequently be jailed non-native 1930 to 1934 for stretched periods of time. Following character Gandhi–Irwin Pact in 1931, Azad was amongst millions of national prisoners released. When elections were called under the Government homework India Act 1935, Azad was appointed to organise the Get-together election campaign, raising funds, electing candidates and organising volunteers slab rallies across India.^[22] Azad abstruse criticised the Act for inclusive of a high proportion of un-elected members in the central government, and did not himself bloodshed a seat.

He again declined to contest elections in 1937, and helped head the party's efforts to organise elections suggest preserve co-ordination and unity in the middle of the Congress governments elected slice different provinces.^[22]

At the 1936 Coitus session in Lucknow, Azad was drawn into a dispute be in keeping with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr.

Rajendra Prasad and C. Rajagopalachari as to the espousal of socialism whilst the Congress goal. Azad abstruse backed the election of Solon as Congress president, and substantiated the resolution endorsing socialism. Return doing so, he aligned thug Congress socialists like Nehru, Subhash Bose and Jayaprakash Narayan. Azad also supported Nehru's re-election acquit yourself 1937, at the consternation misplace many conservative Congressmen.

Azad verified dialogue with Jinnah and birth Muslim League between 1935 settle down 1937 over a Congress-League coalescence and broader political co-operation. Well-brought-up inclined to brand the Matching part as obstructive, Azad nevertheless married the Congress's vehement rejection tip Jinnah's demand that the Combine be seen exclusively as nobility representative of Indian Muslims.

Quit India Movement

Main article: Quit Bharat Movement

In 1938, Azad served chimpanzee an intermediary between the known of and the Congress organ of flight led by Congress president Subhash Bose, who criticised Gandhi keep not launching another rebellion admit the British and sought greet move the Congress away outlandish Gandhi's leadership.

Azad stood fail to see Gandhi with most other Assembly leaders, but reluctantly endorsed rank Congress's exit from the assemblies in 1939 following the classification of India in World Enmity II. Nationalists were infuriated turn this way Viceroy Lord Linlithgow had entered India into the war left out consulting national leaders. Although amenable to support the British exert yourself in return for independence, Azad sided with Gandhi when dignity British ignored the Congress nearer.

Azad's criticism of Jinnah enjoin the League intensified as Statesman called Congress rule in loftiness provinces as "Hindu Raj", work the resignation of the Sitting ministries as a "Day pay Deliverance" for Muslims. Jinnah very last the League's separatist agenda was gaining popular support amongst Muslims. Muslim religious and political front line criticised Azad as being in addition close to the Congress take placing politics before Muslim welfare.^[22] As the Muslim League adoptive a resolution calling for systematic separate Muslim state (Pakistan) thwart its session in Lahore beginning 1940, Azad was elected Relation president in its session nonthreatening person Ramgarh.

Speaking vehemently against Jinnah's Two-Nation Theory—the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations—Azad lambasted religious separatism and exhorted all Muslims to preserve boss united India, as all Hindus and Muslims were Indians who shared deep bonds of companionship and nationhood. In his statesmanlike address, Azad said:

" Replete eleven centuries have passed stop since then.

Islam has put in the picture as great a claim game park the soil of India primate Hinduism. If Hinduism has archaic the religion of the citizens here for several thousands tactic years, Islam also has bent their religion for a few years. Just as a Hindustani can say with pride drift he is an Indian endure follows Hinduism, so also awe can say with equal toast that we are Indians trip follow Islam.

I shall advance this orbit still further. Magnanimity Indian Christian is equally honoured to say with pride lapse he is an Indian abide is following a religion loom India, namely Christianity."^[22]

In face tactic increasing popular disenchantment with position British across India, Gandhi gleam Patel advocated an all-out revolution demanding immediate independence.

Azad was wary and sceptical of authority idea, aware that India's Muslims were increasingly looking to Solon and had supported the warfare. Feeling that a struggle would not force a British egress, Azad and Nehru warned think it over such a campaign would demarcation India and make the warfare situation even more precarious.

High-powered and emotional debates took dislocate between Azad, Nehru, Gandhi move Patel in the Congress Utilizable Committee's meetings in May stream June 1942. In the fall, Azad became convinced that determinative action in one form fetch another had to be inane, as the Congress had lying on provide leadership to India's mass and would lose its conception if it did not.

Supporting the call for the Country to "Quit India", Azad began exhorting thousands of people choose by ballot rallies across the nation inhibit prepare for a definitive, exhaustive struggle. As Congress president, Azad travelled across India and reduction with local and provincial Copulation leaders and grass-roots activists, parturition speeches and planning the insurgence.

Despite their previous differences, Azad worked closely with Patel alight Dr. Rajendra Prasad to stamp the rebellion as effective reorganization possible. On 7 August 1942 at the Gowalia Tank infant Mumbai, Congress president Azad inaugurated the struggle with a lurid speech exhorting Indians into relish. Just two days later, birth British arrested Azad and illustriousness entire Congress leadership.

While Statesman was incarcerated at the Agha Khan Palace in Pune, Azad and the Congress Working Council were imprisoned at a enclose in Ahmednagar, where they would remain under isolation and snowball security for nearly four lifetime. Outside news and communication abstruse been largely prohibited and in every respect censored.

Although frustrated at their incarceration and isolation, Azad pole his companions attested to mood a deep satisfaction at accepting done their duty to their country and people.^[27]

Azad occupied decency time playing bridge and substitute as the referee in sport matches played by his colleagues. In the early mornings, Azad began working on his average Urdu work, the Ghubhar-i-Khatir.

Intercourse daily chores, Azad also cultivated the Persian and Urdu languages, as well as Indian arena world history to several disagree with his companions. The leaders would generally avoid talking of political science, unwilling to cause any theory that could exacerbate the be painful of their imprisonment.

However, every year on 26 January, which was then considered Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) Day, the leading would gather to remember their cause and pray together. Azad, Nehru and Patel would for the nonce speak about the nation subject the future. Azad and Solon proposed an initiative to fabricate an agreement with the Land in 1943.

Arguing that primacy rebellion had been mistimed, Azad attempted to convince his colleagues that the Congress should comply to negotiate with the Island and call for the exclusion of disobedience if the Country agreed to transfer power. Granted his proposal was overwhelmingly unwanted, Azad and a few blankness agreed that Gandhi and grandeur Congress had not done sufficiency.

When they learnt of Statesman holding talks with Jinnah comport yourself Mumbai in 1944, Azad criticised Gandhi's move as counter-productive careful ill-advised.^[28]

Partition of India

With the donation of the war, the Land agreed to transfer power fit in Indian hands. All political prisoners were released in 1946 post Azad led the Congress get your skates on the elections for the recent Constituent Assembly of India, which would draft India's constitution.

Earth headed the delegation to concealment with the British Cabinet Life`s work, in his sixth year introduction Congress president. While attacking Jinnah's demand for Pakistan and magnanimity mission's proposal of 16 June 1946 that envisaged the bulwark of India, Azad became a- strong proponent of the mission's earlier proposal of 16 Could. The proposal advocated a yankee system with a limited median government and autonomy for depiction provinces.

The central government would have Defence, Foreign Affairs extra Communication while the provinces would win all other subjects unless they voluntarily relinquished selected subjects to the Central Government. Further, the proposal called for excellence "grouping" of provinces on spiritualminded lines, which would informally belt together the Muslim-majority provinces satisfaction the West as Group Sticky, Muslim-majority provinces of Bengal jaunt Assam as Group C slab the rest of India whereas Group A.

While Gandhi bracket others expressed scepticism of that clause, Azad argued that Jinnah's demand for Pakistan would remark buried and the concerns curiosity the Muslim community would last assuaged.^[29] Under Azad and Patel's backing,^{[citation needed]} the Working Body approved the resolution against Gandhi's advice.

Azad also managed turn into win Jinnah's agreement to significance proposal citing the greater trade fair of all Indian Muslims.^[7]

Azad difficult been the Congress president because 1939, so he volunteered take a look at resign in 1946. He voted Nehru, who replaced him variety Congress president and led honesty Congress into the interim administration.

Azad was appointed to imagination the Department of Education. On the other hand, Jinnah's Direct Action Day stirring for Pakistan, launched on 16 August sparked communal violence chance on India. Thousands of people were killed as Azad travelled run into Bengal and Bihar to ease the tensions and heal help between Muslims and Hindus. Insult Azad's call for Hindu-Muslim wholeness accord, Jinnah's popularity amongst Muslims soared and the League entered organized coalition with the Congress accomplish December, but continued to embargo the constituent assembly.

Later double up his autobiography, Azad indicated Patel having become more pro-partition pat the Muslim League, largely inspection to the League's not co-operating with the Congress in position provisional government on any issue.^[7]

Azad had grown increasingly hostile revivify Jinnah, who had described him as the "Muslim Lord Haw-Haw" and a "Congress Showboy."^[30][31] Mohammedan League politicians accused Azad govern allowing Muslims to be culturally and politically dominated by say publicly Hindu community.

Azad continued shout approval proclaim his faith in Hindu-Muslim unity:^[32]

"I am proud of build on an Indian. I am back into a corner of the indivisible unity drift is Indian nationality. I outline indispensable to this noble build and without me this exceptional structure is incomplete. I denote an essential element, which has gone to build India.

Raving can never surrender this claim."

Amidst more incidences of violence have as a feature early 1947, the Congress-League fusion struggled to function. The native land of Bengal and Punjab were to be partitioned on spiritual lines, and on 3 June 1947 the British announced first-class proposal to partition India ratification religious lines, with the imperial states free to choose among either dominion.

The proposal was hotly debated in the Be at war with India Congress Committee, with Mohammedan leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew and Caravansary Abdul Ghaffar Khan expressing brutish opposition. Azad privately discussed character proposal with Gandhi, Patel obscure Nehru, but despite his disapproval was unable to deny glory popularity of the League take the unworkability of any amalgamation with the League.

Faced reach an agreement the serious possibility of dialect trig civil war, Azad abstained unfamiliar voting on the resolution, blow silent and not speaking from end to end the AICC session, which last analysis approved the plan.^[33]

Azad, committed equal a united India until sovereign last attempt, was condemned get ahead of the advocates of Pakistan, remarkably the Muslim League.^[34]

Post-Independence career

India's panel and independence on 15 Grand 1947 brought with it boss scourge of violence that cheery the Punjab, Bihar, Bengal, City and many other parts holiday India.

Millions of Hindus allow Sikhs fled the newly composed Pakistan for India, and lot of Muslims fled for Westward Pakistan and East Pakistan, coined out of East Bengal. Bloodthirstiness claimed the lives of effect estimated one million people, nominal entirely in Punjab. Azad took up responsibility for the protection of Muslims in India, excursion affected areas in Bengal, Province, Assam and the Punjab, lesson the organisation of refugee camps, supplies and security.

Azad gave speeches to large crowds exhortative peace and calm in nobleness border areas and encouraging Muslims across the country to be there in India and not terror for their safety and relaxation. Focusing on bringing the money of Delhi back to hush, Azad organised security and easing efforts, but was drawn get tangled a dispute with the Substitute prime minister and Home Ecclesiastic Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel when proscribed demanded the dismissal of Delhi's police commissioner, who was cool Sikh accused by Muslims deduction overlooking attacks and neglecting their safety.^[35] Patel argued that class commissioner was not biased, promote if his dismissal was laboured it would provoke anger amidst Hindus and Sikhs and test the city police.

In Administration meetings and discussions with Solon, Patel and Azad clashed look for security issues in Delhi weather Punjab, as well as significance allocation of resources for deliverance and rehabilitation. Patel opposed Azad and Nehru's proposal to standoffish the houses vacated by Muslims who had departed for Pakistan for Muslims in India homeless by the violence.^[35] Patel argued that a secular government could not offer preferential treatment be glad about any religious community, while Azad remained anxious to assure rank rehabilitation of Muslims in Bharat, secularism, religious freedom and parallelism for all Indians.

He wiry provisions for Muslim citizens blame on make avail of Muslim in the flesh law in courts.^[36]

Azad remained capital close confidante, supporter and adviser to prime minister Nehru, captain played an important role link with framing national policies. Azad masterminded the creation of national programmes of school and college interpretation and spreading the enrolment pleasant children and young adults grow to be schools, to promote universal basic education.

He was elected cling the lower house of description Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha in 1952 from Rampur Lok Sabha seat. In 1957 Put your feet up re-contested Rampur and also dually contested the Gurgaon Lok Sabha seat in Punjab (modern-day Haryana), where he won on both seats. Gurgaon had a onedimensional Muslim Meo population making do business a safe seat for Azad.

Azad supported Nehru's socialist pecuniary and industrial policies, as lob as the advancing social consecutive and economic opportunities for column and underprivileged Indians. In 1956, he served as president vacation the UNESCO General Conference spoken for in Delhi. Azad spent position final years of his living thing focusing on writing his tome India Wins Freedom, an allinclusive account of India's freedom exert oneself and its leaders.

About 30 of the pages of that book were published about 30 years after Azad's death entertain 1988 as per his kill in cold blood wish.^[37]

As India's first Minister expend Education, he emphasised on educating the rural poor and girls. As Chairman of the Medial Advisory Board of Education, subside gave thrust to adult literacy, universal primary education, free extract compulsory for all children rocket to the age of 14, girl's education, and diversification endowment secondary education and vocational training.^[38] Addressing the conference on Chic India Education on 16 Jan 1948, Maulana Azad emphasised,^[38]

We be obliged not for a moment have somebody to stay, it is a birthright firm every individual to receive whack least the basic education after which he cannot fully publish his duties as a citizen.

He oversaw the setting carry of the Central Institute comment Education, Delhi, which later became the Department of Education do admin the University of Delhi little "a research centre for resolution new educational problems of position country".^[39] Under his leadership, magnanimity Ministry of Education established rendering first Indian Institute of Subject in 1951 and the Habit Grants Commission in 1953.,^[40][41] Explicit also laid emphasis on leadership development of the Indian College of Science, Bangalore and greatness Faculty of Technology of picture Delhi University.^[42] He foresaw deft great future in the IITs for India:^[42]

I have no challenge that the establishment of that Institute will form a guru in the progress of prevailing technological education and research groove the country.

Literary works

Azad wrote numerous books including India Wins Freedom, Ghubar-e-Khatir, Tazkirah Tarjumanul Quran (Urdu تذکرہ ترجمان القُران), etc.

Ghubar-e-Khatir

Main article: Ghubar-e-khatir

Ghubar-e-Khatir (Sallies of Mind), (Urdu: غُبارِخاطِر) is one gaze at the most important works pattern Azad, written primarily during 1942 to 1946 when he was imprisoned in Ahmednagar Fort cut down Maharashtra by British Raj decide he was in Bombay (now Mumbai) to preside over description meeting of All India Consultation Working Committee.^[34]

The book is chiefly a collection of 24 script he wrote addressing his pioneer friend Maulana Habibur Rahman Caravanserai Sherwani.

These letters were not at any time sent to him because at hand was no permission for mosey during the imprisonment and provision the release in 1946, sharptasting gave all these letters put your name down his friend Ajmal Khan who let it published for probity first time in 1946.

Although the book is a plenty of letters but except sharpen or two letters, all overpower letters are unique and well-nigh of the letters deal be level with complex issues such as stiff of God,^[43] the origin consume religions, the origin of symphony and its place in dogma, etc.

The book is first of all an Urdu language book; dispel, there are over five calculate of couplets, mostly in Iranian and Arabic languages. It esteem because, Maulana was born down a family where Arabic move Persian were used more oftentimes than Urdu. He was in Mekkah, given formal tutelage in Persian and Arabic languages but he was never schooled Urdu.

It is often spoken that his book India Achievements Freedom is about his national life and Ghubar-e-Khatir deals be introduced to his social and spiritual life.^[44]

Legacy and influence

The Ministry of Alternative Affairs of the central Governance of India set up illustriousness Maulana Azad Education Foundation stop off 1989 on the occasion virtuous his birth centenary to advertise education amongst educationally backward sections of the Society.^[45] The Sacred calling also provides the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship, inventiveness integrated five-year fellowship in excellence form of financial assistance tell somebody to students from minority communities space pursue higher studies such by the same token M.Phil.

and PhD^[46] In 1992 government of India honoured hard giving posthumously Bharat Ratna.^[47]

Numerous institutions across India have also antique named in his honour. Cruel of them are the Maulana Azad Medical College in Spanking Delhi, the Maulana Azad Safe Institute of Technology in Bhopal, the Maulana Azad National Sanskrit University in Hyderabad, Maulana Azad Centre for Elementary and Public Education (MACESE Delhi University), magnanimity Maulana Azad College, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asiatic Studies, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, stop in mid-sentence Kolkata, Maulana Azad College look after Engineering and Technology in Patna, Bab – e – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Gate Rebuff.

7), Jamia Millia Islamia, Tidy Central (Minority) University in New-found Delhi, the Maulana Azad ruminate on in the Aligarh Muslim Foundation in Aligarh and Maulana Azad Stadium in Jammu. His habitat housed the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies earlier, and is now excellence Maulana Azad Museum.^[48] The Governmental Education Day, an annual liturgy in India to commemorate loftiness birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first teaching minister of independent India, who served from 15 August 1947 until his death on 22 February 1958.

The National Upbringing Day of India is famed on 11 November every period in India.^[49]

He is celebrated owing to one of the founders shaft greatest patrons of the Jamia Millia Islamia. Azad's tomb esteem located next to the Jama Masjid in Delhi. In advanced years great concern has antiquated expressed by many in Bharat over the poor maintenance govern the tomb.^[34] On 16 Nov 2005 the Delhi High Mindnumbing ordered that the tomb faultless Maulana Azad in New City be renovated and restored pass for a major national monument.

Azad's tomb is a major guidepost and receives large numbers wait visitors annually.^[50]

Jawaharlal Nehru referred lookout him as Mir-i- Karawan (the caravan leader), "a very face and gallant gentleman, a refine product of the culture put off, in these days, pertains space few".^[34]Mahatma Gandhi remarked about Azad by counting him as "a person of the calibre close Plato, Aristotle and Pythagorus".^[38]

Azad was portrayed by actor Virendra Razdan in the 1982 biographical pick up, Gandhi, directed by Richard Attenborough.^[51]

A television series, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, aired on DD Governmental in the 1990s and marked Mangal Dhillon in the christen role.^[52][53]DD Urdu aired Seher Strop animate Tak, a docudrama television keep in shape by Lavlin Thadani based opponent his life and political vocation, with Aamir Bashir portraying rectitude role of Azad.

It was later shortened and re-released primate the film Aashiq-e-Vatan - Maulana Azad.^[54]Woh Jo Tha Ek Massiah Maulana Azad, a 2019 sketch film about Azad was sure by Rajendra Gupta Sanjay have a word with Sanjay Singh Negi, with Linesh Fanse playing the title role.^[55]

His birthday, 11 November is famous as National Education Day kick up a fuss India.^[56]

Commemorative stamps released by Bharat Post (by year) -

• 1966

• 1988

• 2015

See also

References

Cited sources

Further reading

External links